Hollow fiber membranes offer a compelling strategy for water treatment applications due to their unique geometric characteristics and exceptional capability. These tubular structures, composed of polymer materials, possess a large contact area to volume ratio, enabling efficient separation of contaminants from water. The porous nature of hollow fi

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their capacity to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR efficiency is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The structure of the module, including the type of membrane material, pore size, and surface area, directly impacts mas